The Metamorphosis, And The Lord Of The Flies By William...

Throughout the human experience, mankind has never changed. There have been many physical changes, but man is still just an animal. As a society, since the renaissance, we have tried to distance ourselves from animals, convincing ourselves that we are different. We are not, we still have primal urges, we still need to eat, to breathe, we are still animals. Two novels: The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, and The Lord of the Flies by William Golding, prove this statement to be true. In Kafka’s novella, the reader observes a man’s descent into his own depression due to his parent’s selfishness, and the isolative nature it created within him. In Golding’s novel, we observe a group of young boys put onto an island where there are no rules, and they are the makers of their own destinies. Neither of these novels end well, as one ends with a man’s will to live breaking, and the other with the brutal massacre of children. Both novels delve into the darker side of humanity, and both leave the reader with more knowledge about the world as a whole, and themselves. Both The Lord of the Flies and The Metamorphosis explore the worst parts of the dark, greedy, and nightmarish beast called man. Greed and darkness are always present in man, but it takes situational pressures to pull them out. In both stories, the characters were content with their horrible situations because they hadn’t faced strong outside pressures yet. In both stories this comes in the form of a sudden occurrence. In theShow MoreRelated Essay on Behavior in All Quiet on the Western Front and Lord of the Flies1313 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Human Behavior in All Quiet on the Western Front and Lord of the Flies  Ã‚         An authors view of human behavior is often reflected in their works. The novels All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque and Lord of the Flies by William Golding are both examples of works that demonstrate their authors view of man, as well his opinion of war. Goldings Lord of the Flies is highly demonstrative of Goldings opinion that society is a thin and fragile veil that whenRead MoreLord Of The Flies, And A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings1859 Words   |  8 Pagesnature starts there when it comes to the story of creation.Pieces of literature, such as â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by William Golding,â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka, and â€Å" A very old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children† by Gabriel Marquez referenced the Bible through allusion. An author implements allusion to reveal the truth about the sinful nature of man. William Golding’s the â€Å"Lord of the Flies† shows that on account of a lack of guidance, the potential to sin inherited from birth thatRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1176 Words   |  5 Pagesconflict between man and nature. There are classics such as The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and Lord of the Flies by William Golding, that show a very clear line that divides man from nature, and how nature is for the most part the enemy. However, in other stories, the line between civilization and nature is blurred. Stories such as True West by Sam Shepard, The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, and â€Å"The Rememberer† by Aimee Bender display examples of how the two distinct world of the civilizedRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesHeat and Dust Winch, Tara June, Swallow the Air Gaita, Raimond, Romulus, My Father Miller, Arthur, The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts Harrison, Jane, Rainbow’s End Luhrmann, Baz, Strictly Ballroom - film De Heer, Rolf, Ten Canoes - film Shakespeare, William, As You Like It Skrzynecki, Peter, Immigrant Chronicle Dickinson, Emily, Selected Poems of Emily Dicksinson Herrick, Steven, The Simple Gift Baillie, Alan, The China Coin Russell, Willy, Educating Rita Cleven,Vivienne et al (eds), Contemporary Indigenous

Essay on Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism - 1932 Words

Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism have different similarities and are in some ways connected to each other. Some of the practices of the two religions are similar in various ways and there are several examples to show this. Hinduism first started in India around 1500 BC. The word Hindu comes from the Sanskrit word sindhu, or river. The Hindu community define themselves as those who believe in the Vedas, or also those who follow the way, or dharma, of the four classes and the stages of life. The four classes being the varnas and the stages of life being the ashramas. Like Hinduism, Buddhism also started in India. It is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is called the Buddha or†¦show more content†¦These are the Sutra Pitaka, which is a collection of discourses, the Vinaya Pitaka, which is the code of the monastic discipline, and the Abhidharma Pitaka, which contains all different philosophical, psychological, and doctrinal discussions and different classifications. The Sutra Pitaka is made up of dialogues between the Buddha and his people and consists of five different texts. The first is the Digha Nikaya, then the Mijjhima Nikaya, the Samyutta Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya and the Khuddaka Nikaya. The Vinaya Pitaka has over 225 rules of conduct for the Buddhist monks and nuns, each which ha a story to explain. The Abhidharma Pitaka has seven separate works, which include detailed classifications of the psychological phenomena, metaphysical analysis, and a thesaurus of technical vocabulary. Hinduism also has many texts but the most important of all is the Vedas. The oldest is the Rig-Veda, which was developed in an ancient form of the Sanskrit language in northeast India. It consists of 1028 hymns to many gods. Two other Vedas were added to the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda which is a book for sacrifice, and the Sama-Veda which I the hymnal. A fourth book added around 900 BC, which is a collection of magic spells, is called the Atharva-Veda. The Brahmans, long Sanskrit texts, were also composed around this time and the Upanishads were composed around 600 BC. These Vedas and writings are considered revealed canon orShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism478 Words   |  2 PagesComparing Hinduism and Buddhism While Hinduism and Buddhism come from the same cultural backgrounds, they are extremely diverse in their beliefs on afterlife, deity, and rituals. Both religions believe in reincarnation, but it is where an individual goes after he or she gets off the endless cycle that differs. These religions also part when it comes to whom they do or do not worship. Every religion comes with rituals and Hinduism and Buddhism are no exceptions. Hindu followers have no doubt theyRead MoreComparing Buddhism and Hinduism Essay644 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Buddhism and Hinduism As mentioned at the first meeting of our seminar, I originally took this class to fulfill a requirement set forth by the Hutchins School. However upon a little investigation and contemplation of my own, I have begun to think that I might find myself truly enjoying this class. Never having been much of a religious person, I suppose Ive shied away from the ideas of organized religion. Though this may always be the case for me, I have recently developed aRead MoreComparing The Religions Of Hinduism And Buddhism Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesExam II #2. Compare and contrast the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. What were the essential differences between the two? What hope did they give to the common people of India ? Both Hinduism and Buddhism are prominent religions in the ancient and modern world. They are arguably two of the most popular polytheistic faiths as well. Most people make the mistake of grouping them as one uniform religion, but this is inaccurate. Buddhism and Hinduism do split some resemblance, but several aspectsRead MoreHinduism and Buddhism976 Words   |  4 Pages Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the world’s most influential and greatest religions. Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of the awakened one (Abrams), and Hinduism is the oldest of the world’s greatest religions (Rice). Both of these religions arose in South Asia, thus they share similar culture and philosophy; however, they also contrast greatly with each other in many other aspects. By comparing the rituals of worship of the two religions it is proven that Hinduism worships variousRead MoreThe Bhagavad Git A Conversation Between Arjuna, Krishna And The Blessed One853 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical Arjuna ends having an emotional battle within himself. To go against his faith or deal with the consequences of killing his own family. The Bhagavad Gita shows how religion influences a follower’s judgement on a situation. By comparing The Bhagavad Gita to Buddhism it is clear to see how the religions differ on influence. Arjuna at first has no problem with fighting until he sees his some of family getting ready to fight for the other. Now he is faced with the dilemma of what should he doRead MoreThe Beginning Of Buddhism And India1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe beginning of Buddhism started in 5th century B.C. in India (Violatti). Siddhartha, also referred to as Buddha, was said to have seen the suffering of the world and set out a way to fix it. He was said to have reached a state of enlightenment that was said to have begun at the end of attachments. These attachments were said to have been able to be achieved through a large amount of meditation and analysis of the world (Violatti, Buddhism). Buddhism does not have a direct set of books to followRead MoreHinduism and Budhism: Two of the World ´s Largest Religions1201 Words   |  5 Pagesreligions that are recognized as having the largest population of followers.(Major) Of these, there are some that are not recognized as or do not fall unde r the definition of religion in their countries of origin. Two of these Religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. While some do not see these as extremely prominent, they are pinocle belief systems in the Asian continent, with over 1 billion followers all together. (Feldhaus) These two religions along with few other traditional Asian belief systems areRead MoreSimilarities Between Buddhism And Hinduism1404 Words   |  6 Pages Buddhism and Hinduism are closely related when comparing the two. Buddhism was created based on the ideologies of Hinduism. There differences on their views with the idea of self and transmigration. They compare with one another with the problems of having senses, desires and anger. Hinduism believes in everything being unified together as one ultimate reality, which is Brahman. Brahman is the truth of all. Atman is considered as the true and pure self. Atman and Brahman are identical with oneRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1390 Words   |  6 Pagesboth fall under the religions of Hinduism. Not only do the details of the pieces help explain the art, but so does the culture and the religion practiced at the time the piece was made. Hinduism is a major religion in India that is practiced by almost everyone. This is where they believe in one supreme being that has many different aspects. People who don’t understand Hinduism commonly mistake it with Buddhism due to the fact they share similar beliefs. Hinduism has the most affect on the cultureRead MoreBuddhist Meditation Center On Buddhism1205 Words   |  5 PagesIrving. After going through the course material on Buddhism, it got me curious to learn more about the culture, experience live worship ritual, meditation, and architecture of the temple. To understand the religion and culture better, I requested a friend of mine to visit the temple along with me. Since he practices Buddhism and also is a Tibetan, he acted as a personal guide during my visit to the meditation center. With little knowledge about Buddhism, he helped me understand the meaning of different

Web Site Structure Free Essays

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and compare three Web site structures from the student textbook â€Å"New Perspectives on the Internet† by Schneider and Evans. This student will identify the preferred structure and why; provide two Web site locations with URL addresses, and discuss advantages to Cascading Style Sheets in the creation of a web page. A hierarchical structure is where the â€Å"pages are linked going from the most general page down to more specific pages†¦In a hierarchical structure, users can easily move from general to specific and back again. We will write a custom essay sample on Web Site Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 65). A linear structure is where â€Å"each page is linked with the pages that follow and precede it in an ordered chain.† (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 64). Linear structure does allow for augmented pages â€Å"in which each page contains an additional link back to an opening page.† (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 65). The third type of structure is called Mixed structure where â€Å"the overall form is hierarchical, as users can move from a general introduction to individual†¦however, links also allow users to move through the site in a linear fashion. (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 66). A Mixed structure provides the up and down and side to side movement within a site. The preference of this student would be Mixed structure and Hierarchical structure as these two types of structures provide maximum movement throughout a Web site. Formatting links, home pages and paths are unique to each Website; but, however, are similar depending on structure. A web site that this student enjoys to peruse is the National Geographic Web site, with the URL located at http://www.nationalgeographic.com. This site appears to be styled in a hierarchical structure, as it allows general to specific inquiry. It also allows the movement of backward and forward. Another web site of interest to this student is Facebook, with the URL located at http://www.facebook.com. This web site is designed on the linear structure with augmentation. Facebook pages are linked with pages that â€Å"follow and precede it in an ordered chain.† (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 64) Because Facebook does support an augmented style, links to outside sources and other available pages are available to the user. This design, however, from the user opinion, is lacking in personality and compatibility with the user. The design appears to be generalized, and simplified, allowing for many users in many locations and of many cultures. It is, therefore, very generic. Both Web sites provide home page links; but, because of the differences in structure, movement within each web site page is different. After some research in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), this student has discovered several advantages in creating web pages. âž ¢ Cascading Style Sheets are written outside of the HTML codes and are therefore easy to access, change and manipulate. âž ¢ Cascading Style Sheets provide the designer the ability to change one section within the one sheet and having all similar sheets change as well in numerous locations. In closing, Cascading Style Sheets are a must in the creation of a web site. They provide ease of movement; top to down, back and forward and specific movement side to side. This ability provides a user-friendly web site. Depending on the information provided by the Web site and the audience to which it is geared, determines how the structure of the web site is designed. How to cite Web Site Structure, Essay examples

Purposes of Management Accounting

Question: Indicate the main purposes of management accounting and its relevance to the management of organisations.Evaluate the main cost structures of organisations and methods of their calculation.Determine appropriate methods of calculating break-even, profitability and capital input costs. Answer: Introduction Management accounting is of significant help to the management because it aids in decision making process and helps financial accounting. Determining the cost structure for the management is vital because a business needs to know about the expected profitability and costs. Therefore, budget leads to proper control on the management and the function. To prepare this report, Dicksmith Holding Ltd has been selected which is a good company in consumer electronics. The report will revolve around financial accounting, importance of budget and variances. Profit for the company As per the trend and the budget we can expect that the company will move to significant height in the year 2015. We are expecting the figures to touch $37,905 thousand as against $19,826 thousand in 2014 and this is due to strong policies framed by the management. The preparation of budget along with spotting of variances can lead to this figure. Moreover, investing in software will lead to strong opportunity like stock movement, tracing of sales, etc. Hence, a strong figure can be expected in the year 2015 as comapred to 2014. Budgeting Management and financial accounting are the two pillars that help in structuring the organization and to steer it forward. However, with the advent of technology, the manual system no longer exists. The work is being done by the latest softwares. In our case we are selecting Dicksmith holdings Ltd that is a leader in the field of consumer electronics. In this case it needs to have strong grasp over the management and the financial aspect. Investing in softwares will help the company to get automatic updates concerning the inventory and will aid in decision-making process (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Moreover, this will tend to have a strong grasp over the budgetary process, financial statement preparation and the conduct of the business. Management Accounting vs. Financial Accounting Management accounting helps the management that is present internally. It helps to connect the various departments and ensures that the activities are aligned. It aids in preparation of budgets and various other financial statements. In short it helps the management in taking decisions. Employees, managers, etc depends upon management accounting to get adequate information (Drury, 2011). On the other hand, financial accounting mainly revolves with the information that is beneficial to the parties that are present externally. Government, regulatory authorities, creditors depends on the information provided by financial accounting The main role of management accounting is to plan and forecast and this is done by preparing the budget. Moreover, it is not rigid; it can be used as per the requirements. On the contrary financial accounting is prepared as per the format and aids in the process of decision-making. It is mandatory for the organization to prepare it (Drury, 2011) Hence, management accounting can be said to be the essential tool that helps financial accounting. Management accounting is not compulsory but provides strong assistance to financial accounting. Objectives of preparing budget When it comes to financial planning preparation of budget is essential and vital. Without a budget it is difficult to operate because estimation is needed for the proper functioning. A budget helps to strengthen the organization and leads to proper functioning. It helps in forecasting and even enables in knowing the performance in comparison to the previous year result (Robinson Last, 2009). The main objective of budget is to provide solidity to the company in terms of guidance and proceedings. It enables the company to chalk out a plan regarding what needs to be done. Hence, preparing budget leads to planning. A budget helps in structuring the management and helps in evaluating the performance that is based on the expectations 9 Needles Powers, 2013). Secondly, it helps in forecasting the cash flow. It enables the company to grow at a rapid pace. Through budget, a company can estimate the funds that remain in the hands of the company and even predict crisis if any. Moreover, preparing budget helps in better allocation of resources. It helps the company to decide where the funds should be allocated and which activities will generate the maximum returns (Needles Powers, 2013). By a valid consideration and application of various other methods budget can provide significant results. Moreover, it helps in measuring performance and the variances if any can be used to rectify the process. The prime aim of creating an operational budget is to ascertain the functioning of the business and estimation can be done with the figures that are estimated. It helps the management to command over the current period expenses. Operational budget is of utmost helps because it enables saving and provides ample benefits (Robinson Last, 2009). Therefore, it helps in reduction of the financial problem. It helps the management and structures the business. Secondly, the forecasting of the expenses can be done with ease and flexibility. When the performance of the past is assessed, comparison can be done with the figures of the current period so that alignment of the business can be done. The chief aim of the operational budget is to enhance savings, investing, as well as strong planning. In short, it helps the business to perform in an effective manner and reduce the debt. Hence, it helps to avoid the jerks that are temporary in nature. Examples of Operational budget In our example we have selected Dicksmith Holding Ltd where different operational budgets are prepared and are linked to sales, manufacturing, selling expenses, etc. Sales budget can be termed as the initial stage of the budget that pertains to business and budgetary control starts from here. Sales budget assumes special importance because many budgets depend on it (Dicksmith, 2015). Secondly, the production budget provides the total units that can be manufactured. It needs to be noted that the production rests on three main factors that is the units needed to be sold, need of the stocks and other units. Thirdly, the material budget that is direct in nature helps in ascertainment of raw materials that is required for purchasing purpose. If ascertainment of the units purchase is done then it can be multiplied with the cost per unit to know the budgeted amount. Then the preparation of the labor budget that is direct is done so that it highlights the labor hour and the cost of labor to know the entire labor cost. The manufacturing overhead budget is prepared to ascertain the expected variable and fixed overhead. Lastly, the selling expenses budget provides the way for variable and selling expenses (Lanen et al, 2008). The general and administrative expenses budget leads to strong estimation of the expenses that is operational in nature and linked to administration. Classification of Costs On the basis of types Direct Cost- These costs are important because it can be accurately traced to a cost object with minimum effort. This cost object can be a department, product, project etc. For example, in the production of concrete, the cost of sand, gravel, cement etc are direct costs. Indirect Cost- These costs cannot be traced to a cost object but these benefit multiple cost objects. It can either be fixed or variable but mostly it is fixed as it does not change significantly. For example, the cost of depreciation, power and supervisors salary in a concrete plant are indirect cost. On the basis of behavior Fixed Cost- These costs incur no matter what level of production or sales is generated. It is important because high fixed costs can prove to be an entry barrier for competitors and on the other hand, it can also create economies of scale. For example, depreciation, rent, salaries etc. Variable Cost- These costs varies with the production output. It is necessary to understand these costs because high variable costs indicate that a business can operate at a relatively low level of revenue. For example, commission to salesman only when they sell products or services, credit card fees etc. Mixed Cost- This cost is basically an admixture of both fixed and variable costs. It is important to know the mix of both these because one can predict how costs can alter with varied level of activity. For example, the total cost of a building owned by a company is mixed cost where the depreciation associated with the building is fixed while the utility expense is variable. On the basis of function Production Cost- Any costs whether direct or indirect that are attributable to the production of goods and services are called production costs. Companies can get a clear picture about how much cost will incur to produce an item or service by classifying these costs. Example, cost associated with a product, utility expense, etc (Horngren, 2011). Administration Cost- Costs required to administer the business are the administration costs. It is required to ascertain the structure of fixed cost. Example: staff wages, office supplies, rent, etc (Horngren, 2011). Selling Cost- Costs incurred in selling products or services are the selling costs. It must be classified because it can rival the size of production budgets. Example: advertising and salary of sales staff, etc (Horngren, 2011). Distribution Cost- Costs incurred from the production stage till the customer point are distribution costs. Example: warehouse costs and transport cost etc. Research and Development Cost- These Costs are incurred for developing or improving products. Example: designing of products, patent etc. On the basis of relevance Relevant Cost- These costs are associated with a particular management decision and will change as a result of this decision in future. It is helpful in eliminating extraneous data from a decision-making process. Examples: Costs incurred to keep or sell a unit, etc (Horngren, 2013) Irrelevant Cost- These costs does not alter as a result of a management decision but it can be relevant to other management decisions, hence must be classified. Examples: Sunk Costs, fixed overheads, non-cash items, etc (Horngren, 2011). Standard cost Standard costing is used by companies to measure performance and determine costs but speculation on it being the most efficient measurement tool has always been there. Standard costing takes into consideration factors like quantity, price and quality of the material and it is based on present and projected future conditions. Standard costing permits the recording of inventory and cost of goods sold (COGS) at standard cost in order to prevent time-consuming in valuation of inventories (Horngren, 2013). Since, these accounts are recorded at their standard cost, corrective action becomes impossible and there does not remain any yardstick that can measure the performance. Therefore, in order to use standard costing in variance analysis, the variance and costs must be inter-related which means that the standard costs must be compared with the actual costs. In simpler words, variance analysis can be computed by the differences between standard cost and actual cost (Horngren, 2011). By dedu cting the actual costs with the standard costs, the inefficiency in estimates can be ascertained and investigations can be done by the management to determine the cause. Variances of direct labor, direct material and overhead costs can also be obtained and by comparing these variances or actual costs with standard costs, innovative ways can be known on how to control costs more effectively. Hence, it can be assumed that both standard costing and variance analysis make a very good performance measurement tool (Horngren, 2011). In variance analysis, the variances are assessed as favorable and adverse so that it becomes easy for the authorities to ascertain its financial impact. A favorable variance arises when the actual or net income of the company is better than the standard or estimated income (Shim Siegel, 2009). It can also arise when the actual costs of the company are less than the projected or standard cost. It can be interpreted that when the actual revenue of the company rises as a result of decrease in costs or increase in income, then a favorable variance is created. For example: The actual revenue of $100000 of a company versus a budget or standard revenue of $90000 gives a favorable variance (revenue) of $10000. Similarly, the actual costs of $150000 of a company versus a budget of $175000 give a favorable variance of $25000 (Vanderbeck, 2013). Similarly, when the revenue of the company are lower than what is expected or the expenses are higher than what is expected, then it gives rise to an unfavorable variance. In relation to standard costing, it means that when the actual costs are higher than standard costs, an unfavorable variance is created. These variances are very significant for the management because after identifying these variances, they can take relevant steps in order to determine the cause of such variance (William, 2010). For instance, the actual revenue of $500000 of a company versus a budget of $550000 gives an unfavorable variance (revenue) of $50000. Similarly, the actual costs of $250000 of a company versus the standard cost of $200000 gives an unfavorable variance (expense) of $50000. Conclusion The discussion and the report clearly signify that the preparation of budget is important for the organization and helps in smooth running of the organization. Furthermore, the financial accounting, as well as management accounting must go hand in hand that helps to steer the organization in the correct direction (Needles, 2011). This enables knowing the variances and leads to proper strategy. Moreover, the annual report of Dicksmith Holding clearly shows that budgeting and holds the key for success of the organization. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Drury, C 2011,Cost and management accounting, Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dicksmith 2015, Dicksmith profile 2015, viewed 12 July 2016, https://www.dicksmith.com.au/da/ Horngren, C 2011, Cost accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Group. Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, and M. W 2008, Fundamentals of cost accounting, NY: Hang Loose press. Needles, B. E. Powers, Marian 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting. Financial Needles, S. C 2011, Managerial Accounting, Nason, USA: South Western Cengage Learning. Vanderbeck, E. J 2013, Principles of Cost Accounting, Oxford university press Robinson, M., Last, D 2009, Budgetary Control Model: The Process of Translation. Accounting, Organization and Society, NY Press Shim, J.K Siegel, J.G 2009, Modern Cost Management and Analysis, Barron's Education Series William, L 2010, Practical Financial Management, South-Western College.

The Bench Essay free essay sample

I saw workers bringing in cut down trees to manufacture merchandise for millions. The routines of mankind have devastating affects on nature! As I looked upon the trees, I could see them choking on the thick fumes that came from the city. Clutter and trash suffocated their trunks as they began to weep for their kinsfolk that were taken away. The wise man reminded me that Trees give us the breath of life, without them we would not be here, we would not have fruit and there would be a missing link in the circle of lifeThen we looked to our right toward the sea and rivers. I could see how the creatures in the water were struggling to survive as their movements became a battle and soon the tide was the only element moving them around. Their numbers started to decrease as their tiny poisoned bodies began to wash up on the shore. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bench Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The seagulls innocently indulged on their toxic remains as the remainder of the fish were getting trawled by fisherman. We saw the poisoned seagulls fly away back to their nests where their pure white eggs lay.The days went by and the seagulls began to disappear. Their eggs were left unattended and unmatched. The poisoned seagulls had been eaten by the beasts. We soon came to realism that those beasts were the same that are taken to the butchers that give us the food we need on our plates. The wise man then said When the well dries, we know the worth of water ? Benjamin Franklin I realized that we will also only realism the worth of the environment when it is too late. Soon mankind will suffer the consequences of their actions.We will see major climate changes; we will witness the crying faces of our starving children and hear the groans of our neighbors as a result from our damaged environment. There will be no rich and no poor. We will gaze upon cloned disintegrating houses and only then will we think What have we done? If we exploit nature, the more our As we sat on the bench looking at the works of our fellow man we realized that we have exploited nature for too long and soon it will be too late. We sat on the bench quietly before he left me, he quoted these words MIM must be the change you wish to see in the world ?

Animal venoms Essay Example

Animal venoms Essay Example Animal venoms Essay Animal venoms Essay Mass spectrometric appraisal of bioactive peptides in European wolf spider venom Hazard Appraisals Literature Review Introduction: Animal venoms have been identified as playing a cardinal function in find and development of new drugs as they contain a big sum of unknown pharmacologically active molecules.1 Deadly animate beings subdue their quarry by utilizing their venoms which are rather complex mixtures that contain a big sum of peptide toxins.2 Some of these toxins are thought to hold pharmaceutical and insecticidal effects due to the selective and effectual manner they target receptors.2 This theory led to an addition in the figure of new toxins being identified and characterised.2 Spiders are thought to be the most successful deadly animate beings as they contain the largest figure of peptide toxins when compared to other deadly animals.2 Spider venoms are turn outing to be highly utile doing them to be â€Å"recognized as one of the most exciting beginnings of novel tools for pharmacological research and curative leads†.3 Spider venoms: There are about 39,000 known species of spiders, with even more needing charcterisation.4There are two chief groups of spiders and these are the Orthognatha ( mygalomorphs ) and the Labidognatha ( anaeomorphs ) .5 The differences in these groups are characterized by the place of the chelicerae and the motion of the Fangs. About all spiders are marauders and largely feed on insects and other arthropods.5 Larger species of spiders can besides feed on little birds, serpents, chiropterans, rats, lizards and frogs.5 Most spiders have venom secretory organs and the venoms secreted from them tend to be colorless liquids that can be dissolved in water.5 In most instances these venoms are impersonal or alkalic, but some are known to be acidic.5 Venoms from spiders are diverse as they differ between species and within the same species.5 The chief intent of a spider s venom is to enable it to disable and kill its prey.5 It besides may assist the spider digest its quarry and can move as a self-d efense tool against other predators.5 Spiders can either assail their quarry utilizing their Fangs or gaining control it by utilizing their webs, but normally either manner the quarry is killed as a consequence of the venom s effects.5 A bulk of spiders are in fact harmless to worlds but there are a few species that can do fatal bites.5 Spider venoms are thought to incorporate about several million peptides1, although merely a few spider venoms have been to the full investigated go forthing a huge figure still to be studied and identified.4 Spider venoms provide the perfect focal point for analytical probe as the scope of their constituents varies greatly in molecular weight and pharmaceutical function.6 These venoms contain active biological molecules which can aim a scope of of import normal maps in insects and mammals.5/7 Spider peptides differ well in their pharmacological activity and structure8 and a really little sum of venom can exercise a powerful biological effect.3 Spider venoms are a really complex â€Å"cocktail† of low molecular weight constituents, polypeptide toxins and proteins,9 but peptides are the chief constituents in about all spider venoms.4 The low molecular weight compounds include inorganic salts, free amino acids, biogenic aminoalkanes, enzymes, neurotransmitters and nucleic acids.5/9 These toxins are known to aim a scope of receptors.3 Classs and maps of spider peptides: Deadly animate beings contain a figure of molecules that have effects similar to receptors and enzymes which comprise the two chief categories of marks for the action of drugs.10 These compounds found in their venoms contain a scope of bioactive molecules that have certain pharmacological effects at peculiar targets.9 Spider venoms have been shown to possess a huge beginning of peptide ligands that mark ion channels such as K, Ca and Na and these toxins have been studied to find the construction and roles these channels have in cells.5 The toxins in spider venom can be classified on their chemical nature, their pharmacological effects and their molecular degree effects.10 These toxins can be divided into two chief groups and these are neurolysins and non-neurotoxic peptides.7 Neurotoxins act against neuron receptors, neuron ion channels and presynaptic membrane proteins that affect neurotransmitter release.5/7 Non-neurotoxic peptides are peptides with antimicrobic or necrotic effects .7 The chief intent of a spiders venom is the palsy of their quarry, so this venom contains a figure of toxins which act on the nervous system.5 The neurotoxic activity of these venoms is due to the consequence they have on cellular receptors such as ion channels.8 To day of the month a bulk, if non all spider neurolysins identified are proteins, peptides or acylpolyamines.5 The neurolysins isolated from spider venoms can hold assorted manners of action such as impacting glutamatergic transmittal, exciting sender release and barricading postsynaptic cholinergic receptors.5 They act by upseting the basic cell map and impact the cell membrane receptors.5 Due to these actions they could be good in the survey of these receptors by modulating their map in a manner that is the same as the drug action.5 Polypeptide toxins are known to move as ion channel inhibitors and pore- forming peptides.9 Acylpolyamines act by barricading the insects neuromuscular junction taking to paralysis.9 They w ork by barricading the ion channels that target glutamate receptors, voltage-activated Ca channels and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.9 Polypeptides and acylpolyamines are the chief constituents in spider venoms.9 Two illustrations of antimicrobic peptides that have been characterized within the last 10 old ages are Lycotoxins I and II and they came from the venom of the wolf spider ( Lycosa carolinensis ) .4 European wolf spider venoms: European wolf spiders are the â€Å"giants of the spider world† and are normally feared due to their big size.3 They belong to the mygalamorph group11 but lone spiders within the Theraphosidae household are classified as true tarantulas.3 There are about 860 theraphosid species and they can be found worldwide from tropical rain forests to comeuppances or savannas.3 Although there are a little figure of exclusions, European wolf spiders are non peculiarly harmful to worlds with most bites doing symptoms such as mild to severe hurting, itchiness, stiffness of articulations and conceited limbs.3 Tarantula venoms represent an copiousness of new pharmacologically active molecules for a scope of cell receptors and ion channels.3 Like about all other spiders, European wolf spiders are marauders and provender on a assortment of insects and little animate beings such as rats as prey.3 A European wolf spider s ability to capture quarry that is larger than it without the usage of webs, s uggests that these animals are both strong and possess venoms that are really efficient at moving rapidly on the quarries nervous system.3 Tarantula venoms are complex mixtures of constituents such as peptides, polyamines, free amino acids, salts, proteins and enzymes.3 The hurting experienced after a bite can be due to a figure of things such as local hurting caused by the Fangs, the venom s low pH and effects of biogenic amines.3 These venoms seem to change in authority depending on whether the quarry is a craniate or an invertebrate.3 The Chilean European wolf spider ( Grammostola spatulata ) was one of the first species to be studied as it was highly popular as a pet and because it produces big sums of venom.3 Cobalt Blue European wolf spider ( Haplopelma lividum ) : The Cobalt Blue European wolf spider belongs to the Theraphosidae household and is found in the rain forests of South East Asia.8 This burrowing spider prefers warm temperatures with a humidness degree of around 80 % .12This European wolf spider has a leg span of 4-5 inches and is really popular among tarantula enthusiasts8, particularly because of its electric blue coloring. The Cobalt bluish European wolf spider is known to be rather fast and is one of the most aggressive tarantulas.8This aggressiveness is a common trait in Asiatic European wolf spider. These European wolf spiders are antisocial by nature and be given to be rather shy.13 Cobalt blue European wolf spider can remain in their tunnels for hebdomads on terminal merely go forthing in hunt of nutrient and water.14 They favour crickets to other signifiers of quarry but they will besides eat cockroaches and other big insects.12The Cobalt blue, unlike other European wolf spiders do non hold urticating hairs so they use seize with teething as agencies of defense.13 The authority of their venom can be indicated to some grade from studies of pet proprietors who have experienced painful bites from these tarantulas.6 Their venom is non really likely to do any terrible effects in worlds and no deceases have been reported for this species. When the Cobalt Blue European wolf spider feels threatened it will raise up on its dorsum legs as warning before biting, which is their lone signifier of self-defense.12 In an experiment carried out by Pierre Escoubas and Lachlan Rash, it was noted that the mice died after 10 proceedingss when they were given an intracerebraventricular injection with 0.1 µl of the venom from this tarantula.3 Decision: There are about 39,000 species of spiders that are recognized to day of the month but merely a little sum of these species have been investigated so far, for the potentially utile toxins they may incorporate. The aim of this undertaking is to utilize MALDI-TOF/Q-TOF/ion trap mass spectroscopy to place and qualify the bioactive peptides in Cobalt Blue European wolf spider s venom. Plan of Probe Purpose: The purpose of this undertaking is to measure the bioactive peptides in the venom from the Colbalt blue ( Haplopelma lividum ) European wolf spider from the Theraphosidae household utilizing ion trap, matrix-assisted optical maser desorption ionisation time-of-flight ( MALDI-TOF ) and quadruplicate clip of flight ( QTOF ) mass spectroscopy. Method: 1. The European wolf spider venom that will be used for appraisal will come in pre-fractionated samples. 2. MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy will be used in order to measure the molecular weight of the peptides. This will supply accurate mass findings and primary sequencing information that will assist infer unknown peptide sequences. 3. Additionally QTOF and ion trap mass spectroscopy will be used to set up the atomization profiles of the peptides. 4. Vinyl pyridine is a protein alkylating agent that will be used to observe the presence of disulfide bonds in the peptides. 5. A chemical alteration trial will be carried out to place cysteine rich peptides. 6. MS/MS techniques will be used to find the construction of the peptides. 7. A database hunt will be conducted to find if there is any homology with bing peptides. 8. Last the pharmacological function of these peptides as venom constituents and their possible pharmaceutical map will be postulated. Experiments and controls: In this undertaking the bioactive peptides are analysed utilizing a figure of mass spectroscopy processs.  · Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry is an analytical technique that is an of import tool used in the analysis and word picture of biomolecules such as peptides.15 How it works: A mass spectrometer is made up of three cardinal parts which are the ionisation beginning, the analyzer and the detector.16 1. The sample is loaded into the ionisation beginning of the mass spectrometer instrument. 2. The sample molecules undergo ionisation in this country which consequences in formation of positively charged ions. 3. These ions are accelerated by a magnetic field and are extracted into the analyser country of the mass spectrometer where they are detached harmonizing to their mass to bear down ratios ( m/z ) . 4. The detached ions are detected and this signal is sent to the information system where the mass to bear down ratios are stored together with their comparative copiousness for presentation in the format of an m/z spectrum. The Mass Spectrometer, accessed 2009 December 1, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/masspec/howitworks.html  · MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight ( MALDI-TOF ) mass spectroscopy is an of import analytical tool used in life sciences for protein and peptide analysis.16This instrument enables mass to be determined accurately15 and due to its truth it is really successful in protein designation and characterization.17 In MALDI mass spectroscopy the sample is bombarded with a optical maser to bring forth ionisation. MALDI mass spectroscopy vaporizes and ionise both little and big molecules without damaging them.17The time-of-flight ( TOF ) analyser accelerates the ions utilizing an electric field and measures the clip they reach the detector.15 Control: This instrument will be calibrated with a known sample that will be analysed independently each twenty-four hours before the venom samples are analysed. Diagram: A diagram of a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 3, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psrc.usm.edu/mauritz/maldi.html  · Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy uses hovering electric Fieldss to go through the ions to the sensor. This instrument is rather similar to the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer in that it has the same sample demands but it has better declaration leting more information to be given for protein individuality via MS/MS experiments.18/19 Control: This instrument is calibrated in the same manner as the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. Diagram: A diagram of a Q-TOF mass spectrometer runing in MS and MS/MS manners Q-TOF mass spectrometer Ashcroft A.E, An Introduction to Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 3, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.astbury.leeds.ac.uk/facil/MStut/mstutorial.htm  · Ion trap Mass Spectrometry Ion trap mass spectroscopy is an instrument that is able to place little and big molecules and is used to happen their molecular mass.20This instrument takes the ions that were created, in this instance from matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation procedure and uses an electrostatic lens system system to put them in the ion trap.20 Control: This instrument does non necessitate calibrated on a day-to-day footing or every clip it is used, as it merely needs calibrated one time a twelvemonth. Diagram: A diagram of an Ion trap mass spectrometer Janscher K.R, Yates J.T, The Why and Whies of Quadrupole Ion trap Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 3, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.abrf.org/ABRFNews/1996/September 1996/Sep96iontrap.html Costings  · Equipment: The equipment that will be used for the continuance of this undertaking is MALDI-TOF, QTOF and ion trap mass spectroscopy. The cost for each is shown below and includes the cost for all chemicals needed for its usage.  · MALDI-TOF Cost per usage ten figure of times needed = sum cost ?1.70 x 10 = ?17.00  · QTOF Cost per usage ten figure of times needed = sum cost ?18.04 x 4 = ?72.16  · Ion trap Cost per usage ten figure of times needed = sum cost ?3.74 x 5 = ?18.70 * Total cost for equipment use = ?17.00 + ?72.16 + ?18.70 = ?107.86  · Reagents: The reagents that will be used for the continuance of this undertaking are 4-vinyl pyridine, dithiothreitol ( DTT ) , ammonium hydrogen carbonate and trypsin. The costs for each is shown below in the measures needed. * 4-vinyl pyridine-This is used as a protein alkylating agent Cost for 100ML= ?18.30 * Dithiothreitol ( DTT ) This is used for cut downing the protein disulfide bonds Cost for 50ML = ?31.80  · Ammonium Bicarbonate Cost for 25g = ?8.60 * Trypsin- This hydrolyses the proteins into smaller amino acids Cost for 1VL= ?42.20 * Total cost for reagents = ?18.30 + ?31.80 + ?8.60 + ?42.20 = ?100.90 * Total cost for undertaking = entire cost of equipment + entire cost of reagents = ?107.86 + ?100.90 = ?208.76 Mentions 1. Escoubas P, King G.F, Venomics as a drug find platform, Expert Review Proteomics, 2009, Volume 6, Issue 3 ; 221-224, accessed 2009 November 28, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.expert-reviews.com/doi/pdf/10.1586/epr.09.45? cookieSet=1 2. Wood D. LA et Al, Arachno Server: a database of peptide toxins from spiders, BMS Genomics Journal, August 2009, Volume 10, Issue 375, accessed 2009 November 29, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-10-375.pdf 3. Escoubas P, Rash L, Tarantulas: eight-legged druggists and combinative chemists, Toxicon Journal, 2004, Volume 43 ; 555-574, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob_MImg A ; _imagekey=B6TCS-4BWW8PS-2-G A ; _cdi=5178 A ; _user=126978 4. Liu Z.H, Qian W, Zhang Y, Liang S, Biochemical and pharmacological survey of venom of the wolf spider Lycosa singoriensis, Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 2009, Volume 15, No 1, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scielo.br/scielo.php? script=sci_arttext amp ; pid=S1678-91992009000100008 5. Rash L.D, Hodgson W.C, Pharmacology and biochemistry of spider venoms, Toxicon Journal, 2002, Volume 40 ; 225-254, accessed 2009 November 11, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6TCS-44D3TCN-1-7 A ; _cdi=5178 A ; _user=126978 6. Moore S et Al, Mass spectrometric word picture and quantitation of selected low molecular mass compounds from the venom of Haplopelma lividum ( Theraphosidae ) , 2008, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122380578/PDFSTART 7. Choi S.J et Al, Isolation and word picture of Psalmopeotoxin I and II: two novel antimalarial peptides from the venom of the European wolf spider Psalmopoeus cambridgei, 2004, Volume 572 ; 109-117, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6T36-4CX6SFO-1-1 A ; _cdi=4938 A ; _user=126978 8. Escoubas P, Diochot S, Corzo G, Structure and pharmaceutics of spider venom neurolysins, 2000, Volume 82 ; 893-907, accessed 2009 November 23, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6VRJ-431B1CT-C-7 A ; _cdi=6236 A ; _user=126978 9. Escoubas P, Bosmans F, Spider peptide toxins as leads for drug development, Expert Opinion Review, 2007 ; 823-835, accessed 2009 November 19, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1517/17460441.2.6.823 10. Pimenta A.M.C, De Lima M.E, Small peptides, large universe: biotechnological potency in ignored bioactive peptides from arthropod venoms, Journal of Peptide Science, 2005, Volume 11 ; 670-676, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110579667/PDFSTART 11. Shirey K, Jones S, Rayburn J, Toxicity of venom from two European wolf spider species, Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, April 2009, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb178/is_2_80/ai_n35695049/ 12. Information on Cobalt Blue Tarantula, accessed 2009 November 26, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spidy.goliatus.com/ /article-cobalt-blue-tarantula.php 13. Colbalt Blue Tarantula, accessed 2009 December 1, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.exoticpets.co.uk/cobaltbluetarantula.html 14. The Cobalt Blue Tarantula, accessed 2009 November 26, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orkin.com/other/spiders/the-cobalt-blue-tarantula 15. Lennon J.L, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.abrf.org/abrfnews/1997/june1997/jun97lennon.html 16. Ashcroft, A.E, An Introduction to Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 1, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.astbury.leeds.ac.uk/facil/MStut/mstutorial.htm 17. Lewis J.K, Wei J, Siuzdak G, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry in Peptides and Protein Analysis, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, 2000 ; 5880-5894, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //massspec.scripps.edu/publications/public_pdf/64_art.pdf 18. Cornelis E.C.A, Application of Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry to Facilitate Metabolite Identification, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //americanpahrmaceuticalreview.com/ViewArticle.aspx? contentID=31 19. Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, accessed 2009 December 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //saturn.med.nyu.edu/facilities/paf/qtof.html 20. Janscher K.R, Yates J.R, The Why and Wherefore of Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arbf.org/ABRFNews/1996/September1996/sep96iontrap.html

Common law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Common law - Essay Example Wirral Utilities has dug a trench along the pavement and so as to prevent anybody falling in the trench, placed at one end a long handed hammer and at the other some picks and shovels. One end of the hammer lay on the pavement, and the other was hooked on to some railings. These precautions would have been sufficient for the public at large who used the pavement, but the claimant was special, in that he was blind. While walking to his work along the pavement as usual, he had a fall because he tripped over the end of the hammer lying on the pavement. Normal people would have seen the danger, but the claimant did not. He was himself not negligent. His white stick had passed over the hammer. As a result of the fall, he banged his head against the pavement. In the resultant injury, he became deaf and had to retire early from the job. The claimant has sued Wirral Utilities for the tort of negligence. The case is founded on four scenarios or likely turns of event. First is whether Wirral Utilities owed any duty of care to the public at large who utilized the pavement. The next question is whether Wirral utilities breached that duty owed to the claimant. It is the third point to be considered whether the damage to the claimant i.e. the injury caused to him arising from such negligence was foreseeable by a party in a position as Wirral utilities. Ultimately the essay will address the possible defences that Wirral utilities may have against the action brought by the claimant. People have rights in law apart from those arising out of contract. These rights can be enforced by the injured party. When these rights are infringed by somebody out of which the person is injured, and a damage results out of that injury, the party whose act or omission led to the tort is liable to the person aggrieved. Law imposes a duty upon everybody to take care that no one suffers as a result of his act or omission. Thus, in law, a person is duty bound to keep his dog on a